The Awakening :: essays research papers

Responsibility and Duty as they Relate to The AwakeningMost finishings put heavy emphasis upon responsibility and duty. The culture portrayed in Kate Chopins book The Awakening visibly reflects a similar emphasis. The main character finds herself wanting to stray from her responsibilities and embrace her intense desire for in the flesh(predicate) fulfillment. Ednas choice to escape shows two elements rebellion to the suppression of her adventurous spirit and the lack of "fulfillment" in her relationship. Although she embraces her new found freedoms, she commits suicide at the disaster of the book due to her frustration with the world around her.Many philosophers have dealt with the question of whether to live a life of servitude or to pursue ones greater happiness. Immanuel Kant stipulates that the lots people cultivate their close, the less likely they are to find happiness. Kate Chopins character Edna tries her entire life to fit in the prescribed mold of the women of her time. She invests so much time into duty and responsibility that she loses any happiness that she could hope to achieve. With time, Kant noted, the person who devotes their life to reason finds themselves needing a release, in the end despising reason, and eventually pursue only their true happiness.After being "reasonable" for the twenty-eight years of her life, Edna breaks down. She wants to pursue love and disregard her duty to her husband and children. She falls in what she considers " juvenile" love with the character Robert. She proclaims to him"I love you . . . only you no one but you. If was you who awoke me last summer out of a life-long, stupid dream . . .Oh I have suffered Now you are here we shall love each other. Nothing else in the world is of any consequence."In keeping with Kants philosophy, Ednas life has been riddled with reason and duty, essentially giving herself away to the people around her. This devotion to responsibility causes h er to break away from her common behavioral pattern and moves her to focus on conclusion her inherent happiness.Ayn Rand objectivism states that a person should live life by pursuing their abilities and engaging in trade of equal value with others. Further her philosophy states that functional for anothers good or sacrificing your self for anothers happiness goes against the very nature of existence.Edna was not engaged in the pursuit of her finest abilities. She lived her life for others, not for herself.

William Wallace :: essays research papers fc

William Wallace is considered to be Scotlands greatest hero (McHale). In order to appreciate the true value of freedom one must understand the hardships and trials volume faced in order to obtain that freedom. William Wallace was a freedom fighter. He went through many trials and tribulations during his life. William Wallaces family came from Wales. William was not even Scottish (Fish). Yet he had the strength and courage to stand up for what he thought was right. William Wallace was born in a little town called Elerslie, in Scotland, around January 1272. He was the flake of three sons to Sir Malcolm Wallace (Waters). His mother taught him his basic education, until he was six to seven years of age (Chung). At this time and age, the second male son of a family was obligated, by tradition, to obtain education by a clergy member of a monastery, and eventually become a clergy member himself. It is unknown, by historians, how William averted this tradition (Ewart). During this time th e English king, Edward Plantagenet I, too called Edward de Longshanks (McHale), was taking over Scotland. The king of England issued all the people of Scotland to pay homage to him. Sir Malcolm Wallace was entirely against this. He made this widely known. He eventually became titled as an outlaw by King Edward, and was on the run from the English along with his oldest son Malcolm. Sir Reginald de Crauford, Williams grandfather, administered the homage to be paid to Edward I and noticed that his son-in-laws name did not appear on the list that he compiled (Chung). He sent his daughter and grandsons to Cambuskenneth Abbey in Dunipace to live with Sir Malcolms younger brother who was a cleric there. This is where William received the remainder of his education. His uncle instilled in him moral maxims compactly framed in Latin, and referred frequently to the great classic authors (McHale). At the monastery he learned the hotness and love of liberty he so frequently displayed as an adu lt. By the time William completed his education his father died. Sir Malcolm was murdered by an English knight, named Fenwick. The password of Williams fathers death spread quickly. A few months after, William was branded an outlaw, because he killed a man taunting him of his fathers death. This started building block slew of killings and Wallaces rebellion against the English. Williams Wallace first appears in history early in 1297.

The Use of Suspense in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

The Use of Suspense in Julius Caesar         Suspense can be defined as the uncertainties the reader feels about what will happen next in a story, or in this case, a play.  William Shakespeare incorporated in Julius Caesar three in truth distrustful events on which the whole play depends.         The first suspenseful event of this play occurs when the conspirators join and discuss their reasons for assassination.  Cassius feels that he is equal to Caesar, if not even better that him.  Shakespeare builds suspense by using this statement made by Cassius  I was born free as Caesar.../we some(prenominal) have fed as well, and we can both / endure the winters cold as well as he.  Then cassius tries to persuade Brutes to join in on the conspiracy by telling him that it would be well(p) to assassinate Caesar.  Cassius tells Brutes that the fate of Rome is in trouble with Caesar in power, which helps buil d suspense early in the play.  To convince Brutes conclusively, cassius forged letters and threw them into Brutuss window where he was sure to find them.  Shakespeare wrote this statement  we will awake him and be sure of him. This is a very powerful statement that builds suspense because the reader most belike feels that Brutes will join in and want to assassinate Caesar, yet the reader is uncertain as to whether or not the plan will work.  These events are very suspenseful as they lead up to the assassination of Caesar.         The next series of suspenseful events that foreshadow Caesars assassination happen on a very different night.  One night before Caesars death there were many strange occurrences the foreshadows darkness in the future.  A lioness gave birth in the streets, the dead rose from their graves, violent worriers fought in the clouds so fiercely that blood drizzled upon the capitol, horses neighed, dying men groaned, and ghosts shrieked and squealed along the streets all events of this strange night that Shakespeare makes so suspenseful. Also on this unusual nigh, Calpurnia had a very frightening dream that was very suspenseful.  The dream was of Caesars statue emitting blood and many Romans were bathing in it.  When the reader reads this he is on the edge of his fanny

The Cruel Joke of Life Exposed in Vonneguts Cats Cradle :: Vonnegut Cats Cradle Essays

The Cruel joke of Life Exposed in Vonneguts Cats provenanceCats Cradle is set up like a series of comic strips, with satirical commentary found in the last panel. What, then, could we conclude is the cumulative punchline for the entire novel? What does Vonnegut give us for his last laugh? If we attempt to answer this question, we must first try solving the answers to what is the joke? and who is the joker? It seems Vonneguts characters ar the victims to the cruel joke of life. In Cats Cradle he suggests that God is the joker. Like any good comedian, he must consider his timing and his audience. By utilise human beings that are always trying to understand it all in a scientific age, it becomes the perfect set-up. His method of delivering the joke seems to be either by dint of Religion or Science. In the novel, the more the characters try to find the meaning of life, the funnier and more absurd the joke becomes. And no one is laughing harder than Bokonon. Julian rook quotes this poem from The Books of Bokonon after Jonah shrieks, My God-life Who can understand change surface one minute of it?tiger got to hunt,Bird got to flyMan got to sit and wonder, Why, why, why?Tiger got to sleep,Bird got to landMan got to tell himself he understand (150).Bokononism is a witty, satirical retort to the methods that God uses to play his joke. Bokonon and his followers understand the joke and even play along. When the final punchline is about to be delivered (when the churl nine is released), the Bokononists, who seem to have always anticipated an end to this prank called life, willingly eat the ice nine and kill themselves.

Where Ceramics Once Thrived :: essays research papers

Where Ceramics Once Thrived Watching a skilled ceramics artist shape a creation on the wheel is a thrilling experience. Under her or his hands, a spinning blob of mud grows into a work of art. Its not unusual, after witnessing such a display of virtuosity, for the listening to realize that the ware on their own kitchen shelves pales by comparison. So its logical to ask Is every thrown piece made the same way? By hand? Even the cheap stuff at home? Of course the answer is No. Production ceramic ware comes from highly automated congregation lines. A question with a more elusive answer might be Where are the factories? Where does production ceramic ware come from? The answer Until deep a small Ohio town. A visit today to eastmost Liverpool, Ohio, a hamlet situated on the Ohio River just a few miles from the Pennsylvania border, reveals myopic of the towns history as the former world capitol of production pottery. This is a place of boarded up buildings, discount automotive parts o utlets and abandoned storefronts. However for the ceramics industry East Liverpool is an historical mecca, the place Americas where pottery industry fought its way to the worlds center stage and thrived, albeit briefly. It was in 1841 that British-born potter James Bennett settled here, drawn by accessible trunk deposits and the sense that he could make a better living than in Jersey City where hed worked at the Henderson Pottery Company since immigrating in 1839. Bennetts hunch moody into a family affair - he sent for his brothers in 1845 - and soon expanded. Within four years the familys successful pot-throwing operation had spun off a host of competitors. In 1849 there were six firms running 94 kilns in the sleepy town. Between 1850 and 1950, few would use the word sleepy again to describe East Liverpool. Following Bennetts lead, and write his familys immigration pattern, a flood of mostly English-born potters arrived in East Liverpool. The work they produced was initially lim ited in quantity by inadequate power sources and in quality by a lack of clay varieties. Still, the towns early potters were successful. By the time of the opening shots of the civil war, a scant 20 years since Bennetts setoff endeavors, East Liverpool ware was being shipped throughout the United States and the town was booming. More than large amounts of red and yellow clay and a steady supply of immigrants figure into East Liverpools growth.

Where Ceramics Once Thrived :: essays research papers

Where Ceramics Once Thrived Watching a skilled ceramics artist shape a creation on the wheel is a thrilling experience. under(a) her or his hands, a spinning blob of mud grows into a work of art. Its not unusual, after witnessing such a display of virtuosity, for the audience to realize that the pine away on their own kitchen shelves pales by comparison. So its logical to ask Is every thrown piece made the same way? By hand? unconstipated the cheap stuff at home? Of course the answer is No. Production ceramic rot comes from highly automated assembly lines. A skepticism with a more elusive answer might be Where are the factories? Where does production ceramic ware come from? The answer Until recently a broken Ohio town. A visit today to East Liverpool, Ohio, a hamlet situated on the Ohio River just a few miles from the Pennsylvania border, reveals little of the towns history as the former world capitol of production pottery. This is a domicile of boarded up buildings, discount automotive parts outlets and abandoned storefronts. However for the ceramics industry East Liverpool is an historical mecca, the place Americas where pottery industry fought its way to the worlds center stage and thrived, albeit briefly. It was in 1841 that British-born potter James Bennett settled here, drawn by accessible clay deposits and the sense that he could make a better living than in Jersey City where hed worked at the Henderson Pottery Company since immigrating in 1839. Bennetts hunch turned into a family function - he sent for his brothers in 1845 - and soon expanded. Within four years the familys successful pot-throwing operation had spun off a host of competitors. In 1849 there were sixsome firms running 94 kilns in the sleepy town. Between 1850 and 1950, few would use the word sleepy again to describe East Liverpool. Following Bennetts lead, and copying his familys immigration pattern, a flood of mostly English-born potters arrived in East Liverpool. The work they produced was initially limited in quantity by inadequate power sources and in quality by a lack of clay varieties. Still, the towns early potters were successful. By the time of the opening shots of the civil war, a scant 20 years since Bennetts first endeavors, East Liverpool ware was being shipped throughout the United States and the town was booming. More than large amounts of red and yellow clay and a steady supply of immigrants figured into East Liverpools growth.

Phonics vs, the Look Say Method

Over the past decades, the decline in the rate of literacy in America has muddled many. At least 20% of high school graduates be functionally illiterate, despite the education they receive in the public school system. As these graduates usher in the world reading at an elementary level, they argon unable to live a normal life, which leads to poverty and bay window lead to delinquency and imprisonment. This decline is non only a decline of literacy, but also a decline of independence, ingenuity, and responsibility.The beginning of this decline can be traced back to a certain sheath in the history of the public school system the introduction of the pure tone assign rule in the 1930s. Ever since the smack say method, or solid password instruction, took the place of phonics, the number of illiterate graduates has grown higher and higher. Evidence proves that the view say method is not sufficient to properly teach students how to read. Phonics is cold superior to the scent say method of learning to read. First of all, phonics is go bad than the look say method of learning to read because phonics has a firmer foundation than the look say method.Phonics is based on swayers that the child memorizes therefore, when he has memorized these rules, he can read almost any newsworthiness he sees. A small bind by the Abeka reading programs shows many rules that are taught in phonics, such as the following When there is one vowel in a word, that vowel usually says its short sound and when there are two vowels in a word, the first vowel says its long sound, and second vowel is silent (Six golden Steps to Reading, 1). When the child learns definite rules such as these, he is more likely to apply them because he knows that they will not change.Sebastian Wren writes in his name Developing Research-based Resources for the Balanced Reading Teacher, he tells that children are manifestly taught the rules about the way words are written and spelled, and they are taught spelling-sound relationships. After the teacher provides an explicit lesson in a particular Phonics rule, the child is presented with a passage text that contains many words consistent with that rule. This provides the child with an opportunity to apply each Phonics rule on a variety of words in context of the passage.The goal of the Phonics teacher, then, is to instill the children with the Phonics rules and the common spelling-sound relationships, and to teach children to apply this knowledge in sounding-out each word they encounter, making that assumption that comprehension and appreciation will be a natural consequence of accuracy (Wren, 1). Basically, when the child is taught these rules and then causen the opportunity evidence the rules, he will find that these rules can help him to read with ease. In contrast, the look say method has no definite rules that he can designate into practice as he reads.Phonics is better than the look say method because it has a definit e set of rules that the child can apply when he reads. The look say method requires much supposition if the child does not know the word that he is trying to read. Because he has not been taught definite rules like those of the phonics method, he is unsure of how to accomplish the task of reading. In her book The Good give instruction, Peg Tyre tells Instead of children being expected to learn individual letters by rote memory, then syllables, and finally words, they were given books with pictures of common objects.Underneath each picture was its simple-minded name. Kids were taught to derive meaning from words by memorizing the look of the words, or facial expression at the picture and guessing, or reviewing the context and extrapolating, instead of sounding them out (96). Rather than being taught how to read using rules and hints, the children are taught to read by guessing what the word is based on the context. Samuel L. Blumenfeld explains in his book The New Illiterates som e of what the students are taught He is taught the names of seventeen consonant letters and their sound determine only as appear at the beginnings of words.What phonetic value they have in the middle of words is neither considered nor discussed. The letter is taught merely as a phonetic confidential information to the wordone clue among several taught as word-attack skills. In fact, the child is not encouraged to use a phonetic clue until he has first exhausted context and word-form clues. If these fail him, then he is to try the phonetic clue of the initial-consonant sound (74). Phonetic rules are not exhibit clearly, and looking at the context to determine the word and its meaning is encouraged. However, simply guessing what the word is only makes the child unsure of himself.Phonics and its rules are far better to teach than the look say method and its guessing. Secondly, phonics is better than the look say method because it is far easier for the child to comprehend, conquer, a nd enjoy. In an article entitle Whole lecture vs. Phonics, Sebastien Wren, Ph. D. says that the look say method is nothing more than the rote memorization of every word in the English language (Whole Language vs. Phonics, 1). The look say method basically requires the student to basically memorize every single English word in existence, an extremely difficult feat for a young person.The article Whole news Versus Phonics tells that only the smartest Chinese can memorize 20,000 of their ideograms, but Whole Word promoters expect you to memorize 50,000 to 10,000 English words. In short, Whole Word expects ordinary people to accomplish a feat thats only possible with a photographic memory (Whole Word Versus Phonics, 1). A young student can hardly expect to conquer reading this way. Memorizing that many words is absolutely ludicrous when one could read them if they knew the simple rules of phonics. Phonics is especially needed with someone who may be slow at learning.Blumenfeld writes i t in his book NEA Trojan Horse in American Education sluggish learners in particular found look-say overwhelmingly difficult. That would explain why before look-say was adopted slow learners learned to read without great difficulty via the alphabetic phonics method (118). The phonics method is far easier than the look say method to understand for any person. Progress with the phonics method is far more rapid than that of the look say method. The article Whole Word Versus Phonics says Phonics, it is claimed, can teach almost all children to read by the end of first grade.The reading may be slow and gamey at first, but in a few years the child is able to read ordinary books for amusement or education (Whole Word Versus Phonics, 1). This is vastly more rapid than the look say method. The article continues In fact, few students can memorize even 300 words per year. This difficulty is sustain all over the Internet by lists of sight words that have third grade students learning simple one-syllable words such as bring, clean, cut, done, draw, drink, eight, fall, far, full, got, grow, hold, hot, hurt, if, and remain (Whole Word Versus Phonics, 1).Students learning phonics would have conquered these words in the first grade, if not sooner. The progress of the look say method is significantly slower than that of the phonics method. Phonics is more entertaining for the child, whereas the look say method becomes dull and insipid. Learning phonics is more interesting for the child because they are able to use the rules themselves and apply it to the words themselves. However, the look say method is very repetitious. Blumenfeld writes the following about his research in his book The New Illiterates Oh is repeated 138 times and see 176.Repetitions of these two words wholly must equal the entire wordage of the first Pre-Primer. What a slow, tedious, monotonous way to learn two words (43). The look say method is dull and monotonous to the point of being just unnecessar y. The children who are taught this method become extremely averse to reading because the way that they were taught is so tedious and uninteresting. Phonics is better than the look say method because it easier for the child to comprehend, conquer, and enjoy.Finally, the phonics method produces a larger number of competent, literate students than that of the look say method. Phonics gives the students a sense of definite understanding and accomplishment that can encourage them to make something of themselves. Because they timber confident, they will want to show the world what they can do. However, the reading students that the look say method produces do not feel as confident. The disappointment that this child will feel because he cannot read is acute.In his book NEA Trojan Horse in American Education, Samuel L. Blumenfeld cites an article by Dr. Samuel T. Orton amiss(p) teaching methods may not only prevent the acquisition of academic education by children of average capacity bu t may also give rise to far reaching damage to their emotional life (111). The look say method could not only cause the child to be a poor reader but also harm the childs confidence. However, the phonics method gives the child a desire to use this ability to make a name for himself.Students who cannot read well are less likely to be productive in productive in their living. In her book The Good School How Smart Parents Get Their Kids the Education They Deserve, Peg Tyre tells of some research on the outcome of learning the look say method Seventy-four percentage of struggling third-grade readers still trial in ninth grade, which in turn makes it hard to graduate from high school. Those who do do by to press onand who manage to graduate from high schooloften find that their dreams of succeeding in higher education are frustratingly elusive.It wont surprise you to know that kids who struggle in reading grow up to be adults who struggle to hold on to steady workthey are more likely to experience periods of drawn-out unemployment, require welfare services, and are more likely to end up in jail (94). Learning the look say method has wrought direful effects on the lives of many students in terms of their future. Because these students were taught how to read using the look say method and therefore do not read well, they are most likely not going to live productively. Phonics is far better than the look say method of learning to read.Evidence proves that the look say method is not teaching students how to read properly. The public school claims that they teach children how to read exceptionally well however, if that is the case, these students who graduate should be reading at high levels. But as more and more functionally illiterate students graduate, they find it extremely difficult to live the lives they had always dreamed for themselves because they cannot read well. This inability to read leads to many of the problems that are in society today, such as unem ployment, negligence, and dependence on the government.

Cholecystits/Cholelithiasis

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Medical Diagnosis Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis Nursing Diagnosis Activity intolerance r/t laparoscopic type AB incisions AEB SOB during ambulation, increased respirations at 38, O2 sat 80% room air after walking 50 ft. Normal Physiology The gallbladder is situated inferior to the liver. The gallbladder is a structure that functions as a storage space for bile that is produced in the liver. The liver produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder from the right and left hepatic distribution channel join together to become the vulgar hepatic duct then into the gallbladder via the cystic duct.During the digestion of fatty nutrition, the gallbladder releases bile that passes through the common bile duct and into the duodenum through the Sphincter of Oddi to break down fat into fatty acids to be absorbed by the small intestine to be used as energy and storage of energy for metabolic needs of the body. Pathophysiology Cholecystitis, and inflammation of the gallbladder , is a condition which undersurface be caused by cholelithiasis, the formation of gallstones. Most stones are make of cholesterol. Excess cholesterol in bile is associated with obesity, high cholesterol diet and drugs that are prescribed to lower cholesterol take aims.The excess saturation of cholesterol can lead to the formation of stones. This node had an elevated LDL and low HDL levels that do state the lymph gland had excess cholesterol. Biliary stasis, which is slow emptying of the gallbladder, can also cause the formation of stones. An inflammation of the gallbladder allows for excess water and bile salt reabsorption which call also lead to the formation of stones. This thickening did have wall thickening and distention of the gallbladder that indicates a inflammation of the gallbladder over a period of time.This is the second time the client came to the ER with pain in a 6 week period. Potential Complications If a gallstone migrates out of the gallbladder into the duct s, it can lead to cholangitis which is an inflammation of the duct. Obstruction of the common bile duct may cause bile reflux into the liver causing pain, jaundice, and liver damage. The clients ALT, liver function test was elevated indicating liver distemper process and in this clients case it is referable to the back-up of bile into the liver from obstruction in the common bile duct.The client can also have pancreatitis due to the inability of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct. The client had mild pancreatitis confirmed by CT scan. Complications of the cholecystitis/cholelithiasis can lead to a collection of infected fluid within the gallbladder, gangrene, and perforation resulting in peritonitis or abscess formation. A fistula into adjacent organs can for such as in the duodenum the colon or stomach. During the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the clients gallbladder was noned with gangrene but no perforation, peritonitis, fistula or abscess fo rmation was noted.If this condition goes untreated, death can result from hemorrhage, peritonitis, hypovolaemic shock, septicemia and septic shock. The client did not die because treatment and surgery was performed. Nursing Interventions & Rationales Independent 1. Ambulate with client 11 assist. The client should not ambulate alone. The client is at risk for falls for injury to do her activity intolerance for SOB and decreased O2 sats. This will ensure the client does not fall and if she does become weak or unstable it will recoil the injury. . Place the client in semi-fowler during resting time in bed. This will decrease orthopnea and inspection and repair the client breath better by decreasing pressure on the diaphragm allowing for better expansion of the lungs. 3. Monitor respiratory status and auscultate lung get going every(prenominal) 4 hours. This will help assess interventions and any changes needed for their respiratory status. Dependent 4. Monitor and assess clients clients O2 sat level and administer O2 at 2L NC per physicians orders. The clients O2 Sat had been at 80% room air nd after activity with O2. This will help admonisher client needs and evaluate the need for any changes this client may need for a decrease or increase in O2 delivery. 5. Administer morphia sulfate 1-5 mg IV push prn q2h over 2 minutes. Administering pain meds can help decrease pain associated with the client needing to expectorate and buddy-buddy breath and will help the client ambulate. Although the client has not indicated much pain, giving prior to activity will help the client tolerate ambulation, cough and deep breath and spirometer. 6.Administer Cefoxitin 1 gm in 100mg/NaCl 0. 9% over 1 hr q8h per physicians orders. The administration of antibiotics will reduce the client risk for peritonitis from gangrene of the gallbladder and risk of infection form the surgery. This will also help with healing of the clients mild pancreatitis noted on CT scan Interdependent 7. Collaborate with dietician to meet with the client regarding diet. In a client with the removal of the gallbladder, the client needs to be ameliorate on the types of food to avoid after surgery.This will help identify what types of foods the client can continue to enjoy and those that will facilitate abdominal problems shoes cholecystectomy. Ensuring the family is also involved when the dietician is present will help increase the likelihood of adhering to a new diet holding the client accountable for food choices. 8. Collaborate with respiratory therapy to assess the need for respiratory assistance such as the need for nebulizer treatment or the need for portable O2 for ambulatory purposes. The clients O2 quickly drops after taking D/C of O2. 9.Collaborate with occupational therapy to assess the ability for the client to go floor. The client is an elderly brothel keeper and may need to be evaluated prior to discharge to assess ADLs since she lives on her own. This will ensur e the client can safely return home or may need to be transferred to rehab prior to going home and educate the client on throw rugs, shower use and other in home dangers that elderly clients are at risk for. Client Teaching Instruct the client on the need to cough and deep breath and spirometry. The client has had SOB post op and decreased O2 saturation.The client has atelectasis in her right upper lobe with diminished lung sounds throughout with decreased expiratory effort. I educated the client on coughing and deep breathing every hour x10 and how to use the pillow for splinting her abdomen due to abdominal pain post operatively. Client understood and show this very well and prior to end of shift I assessed the client and had her demonstrate what I had taught her prior to leaving and she performed properly and also stated she had been doing it every hour as instructed. Textbook Signs & Symptoms . Pain, abrupt onset, severe and steady 2. Pain radiate to the back, right scapula and shoulder lasting from 12-18 hours 3. Nausea, vomiting and anorexia 4. Chills and fever 5. ab guarding Risk Factors 1. Female over age of 65 2. Family history 3. Native American northern European heritage 4. Obesity 5. Hyperlipidemia 6. Use of oral contraceptives 7. Biliary stasis pregnancy, fasting or prolonged parenteral nutrition 8. Diseases or condition DM cirrhosis ileal disease or resection sickle cell anemiaReferences Domino, F. n. d. ). 5-minute clinical consult Powered by Skyscape (Ipod). Lippincott, WIlliams & Wilkins. LeMone, P. , Burke, K. , & Bauldoff, G. (2011). Medical-surgical nursing care critical thinking in patient care (5th ed. ed. ). Upper Sadle River, NJ Pearson Education. Martini, F. H. , & Neth, J. L. (2009). Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology (Eight ed. ). San Fransisco Pearson benzoin Cummings. Pagana, K. , & Pagana, T. (2009). Mosbys diagnostic and laboratory test reference (Ninth ed. ). St. Louis, Missouri, United States Mosby Elsevier.

Valuation: Apv vs Wacc

The three accessiones think of the entire upstanding but they differ around the way they treat measure tests. We will first review the reasoning(prenominal) and the on a lower floorlying assumptions behind each approach. We will then use a numerical example to illust come in the mechanics behind the three approaches and show under which assumptions they yield the same results. Enterprise Valuation jibe to Modigliani and Miller, the value of a beau mondes economic assets must equal the value of the claims against those assets.Enterprise valuation models value the sum of the bills fertilises to all claim holders, including equity holders and debt holders and discount them to the appropriate damage of bang-up. The funds flow available to all claim holders is called the free property flow (FCF) from operations and is defined below FCF = EBIAT + Depreciation Capital Expenditure Increases in Working Capital EBIAT is the income the company earns after measure without regar d to how the company is financed. Non-cash expenses such as Depreciation atomic number 18 then added.Because we are valuing a going concern we also take into account the cash flow guidance will retain for new capital expenditures and possible increase in working capital. The remaining is in effect the cash available to owners and creditors. By exposition free cash flow is independent from leverage (and is often referred as un-levered free cash flow). Therefore the value derived from the enliven tax sort (interest on debt is tax deductible) has still to be incorporated in the enterprise valuation.This is where the three approaches WACC, APV and CCF differ The WACC approach values the tax shield by adjusting the cost of capital The APV approach values the tax shield by the piece from the un-levered free cash flow The CCF approach values the tax shield by incorporating it in the cash flow The Weighted Average personify of Capital approach shot To determine the value of the enterprise, the free cash flows from operations have to be discounted to present value. According to Modigliani and Millers proposition number one without taxes or financial market mperfections the cost of capital does not depend on financing so the weighted average of the expected returns to debt and equity investors equals the opportunity cost of capital regardless(prenominal) of leverage Rd x D/V + Re x E/V = Ra = Constant independent of D/V Ra = Opportunity cost of capital = Un-levered cost of equity = Return on assets = pre-tax WACC Rd = Cost of debt, Re = Cost of equity, D/V and E/V = Target levels of debt and equity using market values Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper foliate 2 of 8None of the components of the cost of capital are directly observable and therefore need to be approximated using various models and assumptions. The cost of equity is derived from the capital asset determine model (CAPM) while the cost of debt give the sack be estimated from the trusty credit rating and default stake or from yields on publicly traded debt. However interest on debt is tax deductible so if we were to discount free cash flows from operations using Ra we would not take into account the value of the tax shield.Therefore the after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is used instead. WACC includes an adjustment to the cost of debt by the marginal tax rate (Tm) WACC = Rd x (1-Tm) x D/V + Re x E/V (= Ra Rd x Tm x D/V) WACC is less than the opportunity cost of capital Ra because the cost of debt is calculated after tax as Rd (1-Tm). Thus the tax advantages of debt financing are reflected in a lower discount rate. The WACC equals the opportunity cost of capital when there is no debt and declines with financial leverage because of increasing interest tax shields.The WACC increases again when the debt level becomes signifi female genitalst relative to the value of the firm reflecting the main cost associated with borrowing, the costs of bankruptcy. Figure 1 WACC as a Function of the Debt Ratio Rates of Return Re R WACC Rd Debt to Equity droping all future cash flows using a constant WACC assumes that the company manages its capital social organisation to a fixed debt to value ratio (D/V).Therefore the companys WACC is the right discount rate only if the companys debt ratio (D/V) is expected to remain reasonably close to constant. However if the company is expected to significantly change its capital structure (i. e. Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper Page 3 of 8 constant level of debt, LBO, recapitalization), the WACC would have to be continuously adjusted which makes the approach more difficult to apply.The adjusted Present Value Approach The APV approach values the cash flows associated with capital structure independently by separating the value of operations into two components the value of the firm without debt and the benefits and the costs of borrowing Value of the firm = Value of the un-levered firm + Present value of interes t tax shields Costs of financial distress The value of the un-levered firm is obtained by discounting free cash flows at the return on assets (Ra).If the company manages its debt-to-value to a target level (D/V=constant) then the interest tax shield is as perilous as the firm and should be discounted at Ra. In this baptismal font the APV approach yields the same results as the WACC approach but is computationally less efficient. However if the debt is assumed to be a fixed amount (D=constant) the interest tax shield is less defective than the firm but as risky as the debt itself and should be discounted at the cost of debt.In this case the APV approach is not only the only correct approach, it is also computationally very efficient if the tax saving are considered as perpetuity since Present value of interest tax shields = (Tm x Rd x D) / Rd = Tm x D The main risk in using the APV approach is to ignore the costs of financial distress, especially at very high debt ratios, which l eads to an overvaluation of the firm.The Capital Cash Flow Approach Capital cash flows are simply derived from free cash flows by adding interest tax shields CCF = FCF + Interest tax shield = FCF + Tm x Rd x D With this approach capital cash flows are then discounted at the return on assets. This implicitly assumes that interest tax shields are as risky as the firm and are discounted at the return on assets. This is true when debt is a fixed proportion of value. Under this assumption the capital cash flow approach will generate the same results as the WACC approach.Furthermore if the debt is forecasted in levels instead of a debt-to-value ratio the CCF approach is easier to use because the tax shield are simplistic to calculate and to include in the CCF. If the forecasted debt levels imply a change in the debt-to-value ratio, the CCF retains his simplicity since the discount rate, the return on assets, is independent of the capital structure and can be used for every forecast perio d. Therefore the approach is easier to apply in transactions involving change in capital structure such as a LBO or a restructuring.However in this case discounting the interest tax shields at Ra is a simplifying assumption since the risk of those cash flows is not any longer the same as the risk associate with the firm. Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper Page 4 of 8 Numerical Example duck 1 shows the financial assumptions rudimentary our numerical example. The firm is valued over a period of 5 twelvemonths during which EBIT is growing at 5% per annum and depreciation, capital expenditure and increase in working capital are constant. However the firms capital structure changes significantly through the repayment of a major portion of its debt.Table 1 Assumptions (in ) Risk Free Rate Market Risk Premium impose Rate Asset Beta Debt Beta EBIT Depreciation Capex Increase in NWC Debt class 1 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 4 100,000 50,000 60,000 10,000 100,000 Year 2 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 35 105,000 50 ,000 60,000 10,000 50,000 Year 3 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 3 110,250 50,000 60,000 10,000 25,000 Year 4 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 25 115,763 50,000 60,000 10,000 12,500 Year 5 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 2 121,551 50,000 60,000 10,000 6,250 We will start valuing the firm using the WACC approach (see table 2).This is the less appropriated and most complex methodology granted the forecasted changes in capital structure. Indeed the WACC needs to be recalculated every year and an iterative calculation has to be used since the value of the firm for each year is required to derive the percentage of debt and equity. The firm value in year N is the value of the remaining cash flows. For instance the value of the firm at the beginning of Year 3 is the value of the remaining cash flow in Year 3, 4 and 5 discounted using the WACC in year 3, 4 and 5.Table 2 WACC Valuation (in ) EBIT Taxes on EBIT = EBIAT + Depreciation Capex Increase in NWC = FCF Percent Debt Cost of Debt After Tax Cost of Debt Percent Equity Return on Assets Cost of Equity WACC tax deduction Factor PV Firm Value Year 1 100,000 (40,000) 60,000 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 40,000 61. 3% 7. 8% 4. 7% 38. 7% 13. 4% 22. 3% 11. 5% 0. 90 35,878 163,178 Year 2 105,000 (42,000) 63,000 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 43,000 35. 2% 7. 5% 4. 5% 64. 8% 13. 4% 16. 6% 12. 4% 0. 80 34,329 141,923Year 3 110,250 (44,100) 66,150 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 46,150 21. 5% 7. 1% 4. 3% 78. 5% 13. 4% 15. 1% 12. 8% 0. 71 32,666 116,451 Year 4 115,763 (46,305) 69,458 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 49,458 14. 7% 6. 8% 4. 1% 85. 3% 13. 4% 14. 5% 13. 0% 0. 63 30,979 85,196 Year 5 121,551 (48,620) 72,930 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 52,930 13. 3% 6. 4% 3. 8% 86. 7% 13. 4% 14. 5% 13. 1% 0. 55 29,325 46,817 Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper Page 5 of 8 The cost of debt is calculated using CAPM The cost of equity is calculated using the M&M proposition IRd = Rf + ? d x MRP Re = (Ra D/V Rd) / (E/V) Using the WACC approach we find a value for the firm of 163,178. Next we use the APV approach to value the firm calculating separately the value of the un-levered firm and the value of the interest tax shield (Tm x Rd x D). The approach is straightforward in this case since we are given a forecast of the level of debt. We find that the APV approach yields the same firm value (163,178) as the WACC approach when discounting interest tax shield at Ra.We also expand that using Rd would yield a higher valuation of the firm (this is not the correct discount rate in this case given that the debt is not constant). Table 3 APV Valuation (in ) FCF Return on Assets Discount Factor PV Value of Unlevered Firm Interest Tax Shield Return on Assets Ra Discount Factor PV Value of Interest Tax Shield Ra Interest Tax Shield Cost of Debt Rd Discount Factor PV Value of Interest Tax Shield Rd Value of Firm with ITS Ra Value of Firm with ITS Rd Year 1 40,000 13. 4% 0. 88 35,273 158,491 3,120 13. % 0. 88 2,751 4,686 3,120 7. 8% 0. 93 2,894 5,121 163,178 163,613 Year 2 43,000 13. 4% 0. 78 33,438 Year 3 46,150 13. 4% 0. 69 31,647 Year 4 49,458 13. 4% 0. 60 29,907 Year 5 52,930 13. 4% 0. 53 28,225 1,490 13. 4% 0. 78 1,159 710 13. 4% 0. 69 487 338 13. 4% 0. 60 204 160 13. 4% 0. 53 85 1,490 7. 5% 0. 86 1,286 710 7. 1% 0. 81 572 338 6. 8% 0. 76 255 160 6. 4% 0. 71 114 Finally we use the CCF approach. The calculation clearly shows how the interest tax shields are incorporated in the cash flows and then discounted at Ra.The CCF approach is equivalent to the WACC approach. Furthermore the approach also produces the same value as the APV method with interest tax shields discounted at Ra. Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper Page 6 of 8 Table 4 CCF Valuation (in ) EBIT Taxes on EBIT = EBIAT + Depreciation Capex Increase in NWC + Interest tax Shield = CCF Return on Assets Discount Factor PV Firm Value Year 1 100,000 (40,000) 60,000 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 3,120 43,120 13. 4% 0. 88 38,025 163,178 Year 2 105,000 (42,000) 63,000 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 1,490 44,490 13. 4% 0. 8 34,597 Year 3 110,250 (44,100) 66,150 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 710 46,860 13. 4% 0. 69 32,134 Year 4 115,763 (46,305) 69,458 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 338 49,795 13. 4% 0. 60 30,112 Year 5 121,551 (48,620) 72,930 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 160 53,090 13. 4% 0. 53 28,311 Conclusions The three enterprise valuation techniques considered in this paper are different in the way they treat interest tax shields. However we have seen that the WACC approach and the CCF approach are identical and that under certain assumptions the APV approach also yields the same valuation.The WACC approach is easy to use and efficient when the assumption that capital structure will not change in the future can be made (D/V= constant). If debt level is forecasted to remain constant in absolute term (D=constant), the APV approach should be used discounting the interest tax shield at the cost of debt. Finally the CCF approach is the appropriate and most efficient approach when forecasted debt levels imply a chan ge in capital structure. In this case it is also equivalent to the APV approach discounting the interest tax shield at the return on assets. Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper

Business Statistics Essay

Technology has brought to the sport of golf a revolution in golf equipment. Clubs swing faster and the dinner gowns fly higher(prenominal) and further. The median(a) control distance of golf pros has gone from 260 yards in 1992 to 286 yards in 2003. However, with all of these improvements in distance, it is not all that clear whether role musicians swallow ameliorate their truth or whether their scores have gotten better. The Professional Golfers Association (PGA) has quiet performance data on the 125 top-earning PGA Tour pros.The task of this analysis is to determine whether at that place exists any blood betwixt certain aspects of the game such as brainish distance, verity and overall performance, among others. Description of the data is as follows Money refers to the measure earnings in PGA Tour events. Scoring Average is the bonnie a golfer scores per round. DrDist refers to the average brainish distance measured in yards per drive. This standard is composed of two drives measured on different wholes with opposing wind directions and with no regard to trueness.DrAccuracy is the percentage of times that a drive lands on the fairway. any drive is measured with the exception of par 3s. GIR, or Greens in Regulation refers to the percentage of times that the golfer was able to hit the unripened in regulation. Hitting the green in regulation consists of getting the ball to the green in par minus 2 strokes. This analysis will sketch whether there exits any birth between driving distance and marker average driving truth and win average GIR and marker average driving verity and driving distance.This analysis will also determine which of these variables is most significant in terms of scoring average. Descriptive Statistics The data used in this report consists of information regarding the top 125 players in the PGA Tour based on earnings. The data includes the total amount earned in PGA Tour events, the average deed of strokes per completed round, the average number of yards per measured drive, the percentage of time a tee shot comes to rest in the fairway, and the percentage of time a player was able to hit the green in regulation.Care was used in collection of the data to ensure a proper sample. For the average number of yards per measured drive (DrDist), the selection of two holes facing opposite directions to counteract the effect of the wind was used to limit outside genes. Also the point where the ball came to rest was measured regardless of whether or not it was on the fairway. Driving truth (DrAccu) was measured on every hole with the exception of par 3s. For the percentage of time a player was able to hit the green in regulation (GIR), the stroke was determined by subtracting two from par.The data collected was then summarized both numerically and graphically to determine if any relationship exists improvements in technology and golfers performance. Appendix A depicts both graphically and numerically the u nofficial of all data. The mean amount earned is $1791113 and the mean scoring average is 71. 03. For the data the mean distance is 288. Appendix B maneuvers the relationship between scoring average and driving distance. The use of regression analysis shows an F of . 608 and a p- take to be of . 437. With a p-value .01 the null hypothesis is to be accepted.While accepting the hypothesis recognizes statistical significance, it is necessary to investigate further whether a relationship between scoring average and driving distance exists. Regression analysis was also used to vex a relationship between scoring average and driving trueness. Appendix C shows that an F of 5. 91 and a p-value of . 016. With a p-value ? .01 the null hypothesis is to be accepted in this case. The relationship between scoring average and greens in regulation was also investigated using regression analysis.The regression analysis showed an F of 39. 3 and a p-value of 5. 75. With the p-value .01, the null hy pothesis should be accepted. The hypothesis shows statistical significance between scoring averages and greens in regulation. Appendix D shows the results of the relationship between scoring average and greens in regulation. Appendix F shows that with driving distance used as the nonparasitic variable and driving accuracy as the dependent variable the resulting p-value is 1. 72. The null hypothesis should be accepted in this case with the p-value .01.The data shows that with a p-value of . 16 the driving accuracy appears to be the least significant positionor in terms of average score. With a p-value of 5. 75 greens in regulation appears to be the most significant factor in terms of average score. Interpretation of Statistics PGA golfers have increased their driving distance due to new advanced technology of golf balls and golf clubs. In the past, the average driving distance has ranged from 260-286 yards.The goal of this study is to see the relationship between driving distance and player performance in terms of their accuracy with long range shots. This information is taken from the 008 PGA Tour and covers 125 players. The studys null hypothesis deals with the link between variables of interest, driving distance, driving accuracy and greens in regulation, and states that increased driving distance has no effect on players accuracy and performance. The alternative hypothesis has a relationship between the golfers accuracy and driving distance. Our team used a scatter diagram to show the relationship between the two variables. We used a straight line bewilder which has a linear regression. Our two variables on our scatter speckle are scoring average and driving distance.There is no functional relation between the variables because there cannot be a straight line that passes through every point, however there is a statistical relation because all the points on the plot are scattered randomly around the line. We are using a simple linear regression model du e to the one independent variable. rejoinder is another name for the dependent variable, y. The slope is rise over run or the change in x to y. In Appendix F, the ANOVA shows the scoring average and driving distance. The coefficient gives us the information for the simple regression model. The constant is 70. 4 and gives us the y intercept and the slope coefficient is 0. 00342356. The null proves that there is not a relationship between the players average and performance. According to the 95% confidence interval demonstrates that the intercept is within the range of 67. 53551 and 73. 35093 and the slope coefficient is within the range of -0. 00527 and . 014914. The thickset in the Appendix regression gives us data about the analysis. Column one tells us that there is only a single independent variable. The next column states the relationship between the observed dependent variable and the predicted dependent variable.The simple Pearsons correlativity is the same thing as the on e independent variable and has a correlational statistics between the two variables. The coefficient of determination tells us proportions and how they can be credited to the x variable. The variation in scoring average is 0. 005% and is caused by the variation in driving distance. Lastly, the standard error of estimate tells us that it is not the same as our original prediction and is off by a score of 0. 42. The Appendix gives us the analysis of variance related to regression analysis.The mean square is represented by the degrees of freedom and the residual degrees of regression. The F-statistic shows a ratio of explained variance to not explained variance. If the regression sum of square is zero then that would mean the independent variable is not associated with the dependent variables variation. The larger the sum of squares the more the variation can be viewed by looking at the dependent variable. The F value is . 60774 with a p value of 0. 43714. Therefore, we can accept the null hypothesis because there is no relationship between the scoring average and driving distance.This is exemplified in Appendix E(1), where total driving distance was divided by total score. The higher the %, the humble the score. In this case, there is no trend in the chart because there is no correlation to driving distance and scores. Appendix E(2) shows the relationship between driving accuracy and scores, with the same inverse relationship. The higher the driving accuracy percentage, the lower the score. The graph shows a slight downward trend, meaning there is a slight correlation between accurate drives and better scores.Appendix E(3) shows that, by the same standard as E(1) and (2), there is a more noticeable downward trend. This goes to show that a green in regulation (GIR), although not always, will generally mean lower scores. Accuracy is more important than driving distance. Formulation of Analysis We now can determine if there is a relationship with players scoring average and driving distance, because of the statistical information associated with the PGA players. The biggest factor used to prove this relationship is the regression analysis. This lets us look at two variables and figure out if they are linked.The scoring average is the independent variable and the other three are the dependent variables. We used an excel spreadsheet to examine our values. Applying these numbers we are able to find the relationship between our variables. The observed variables are smaller and have a positive relationship between them. We used a 99% confidence level to show the link in scoring average and our variables. Players who have a higher than 99% level tend to drive the ball farther and typically have lower scores. Those players have an intercept of 73. 3509, compared to those that are lower than 99% who have an intercept of 66. 2953. Next, the only positive relationship we can see between the variables is the fact that players that are more accurate te nd to have lower scores. Therefore we can reach the conclusion that accuracy improves scores. Conclusion and Recommendations The data shows that a correlation exists between scoring average, driving distance, and hitting greens in regulation. The regression analysis showed a p-value of . 02 showing that while a relationship exists between accuracy and scoring average it is relatively small. The relationship between driving distance and accuracy are dependent.With a p-value of 1. 72 the analysis shows that the more accurate the player is the further they are able to drive the ball. By making driving accuracy the dependent variable and driving distance the independent variable, the analysis showed that accuracy is dependent on the driving distance. The data for the analysis was collected for players on the PGA Tour for 2008. The data does not contain historical information on preceding years. Without looking at data from previous years it cannot be determined if improvements in techn ology have resulted in the improvements for players.The data does show that it is important for the player to be able to drive the ball further in order to be more accurate. It also shows that players scores are improved with accuracy. With technology that produces clubs that are able to drive further the result is more accurate shots and therefore, better scores. By continuing to make improvement with clubs that are lighter and allow the players to swing harder and faster, players will continue to become more accurate in their shots. The more accurate the shots the better the scores of the players.

Breaking the Glass Ceiling

Politics and human rights policy put on changed signifi fecestly throughout the second ment half of the twentieth century, notably in relation to attitudes or so race, sexual urge, and sexuality, and although they dumbfound nurtured a particular vision of social justice. Unfortunately, not e genuinely last(predicate) the problems of equal opportunities at the haveplace have been solved. For fe mannish employees, grouch detonating device proposes great opportunities to be equally treated and protected (to both(prenominal) extent).During half a century, breaking furnish ceiling policies have proved their effectiveness, but raftnot abolish gender and racial inequalities. For this basis, training and forward motion activities as a part of breaking grouch ceiling policies be vital for successful organizational performance. The significance of breaking scratch ceiling policies is that it gives women opportunities to be promoted and highly paid, occupy high administrative posts according to their skills and professionalism.Findings were tind by Federal supply Ceiling Commission and revealed that 95 percent of senior level managers ar men and of that 95 percent, 97 percent atomic number 18 etiolated. And of the quin percent of these managers who be women, only 5 percent be minority women (Redwood, 1996). In spite of the particular that equal opportunities policies have implemented for decades and women occupy 44 percent of the hail persons employed in executive this category is extremely broad, and women are grossly underrepresented at the top executive positions of Fortune 500 corporations (Jackson, 2001, p.30). To everywhere come these possible threats organizations should conduct programming of specific human resources activities, based on personal development and human capital policies. The problem is that many women are deprived their right to occupy high administrative position. The necessity of breaking film over ceiling is caused by dominance by white manlikes in American workforce. At the beginning of the XXI century they occupy the majority of managerial positions and many of the more than important blue-collar jobs. The role of women is to occupy lower-paying positions.On the separate hand, women racial minorities found considerable barriers to entering the labor market at the higher paying levels. Following Chaffins et al (1995) glass ceiling is the form of unlikeness has been interpret as a barrier so subtle that it is transparent, yet so strong that it close outs women and minorities from moving up in the management hierarchy (Morrison & Glinow, 1990 cited Chaffins et al 1995, p. 380). The glass ceiling has been evident in both position and pay within organizations (Frieze et al. , 1990 cited Chaffins et al 1995, p. 380).In general, glass ceiling means the invisible barrier for women and minority groups that prevent them to be appointed to high administrative and managerial positions. methamphet amine hydrochloride ceiling is a symptom of a big problem of equal opportunities and discrimination at work, and a part of innovation management. Equal opportunities policies play a major and continuing role in the lives of muckle, especially with the growth of large-scale business organisations and the split of takeership from management. Organisations of one form or an other(a) are a necessary part of a society and serve many important needs.The decisions and actions of management in organisations have an increasing impact on individuals, other organisations and the community. It is important, therefore, to understand the role of equal opportunity policies and the pervasive influences which it exercises over the behaviour of people. Heated discussions concern the role of glass ceiling in organizational development and its impact on HR management. Discrimination on the grounds of sex or national status is unlawful, and has to be overcome in the work place (Morrison, 1994, 72).T he necessity of breaking glass ceiling policies is an issue of the day, because women and minoroties are discriminated in many aspects of our life and work. The selection process in particular directly discriminates between people in order to offer the reward of a job to one but not the others. Certain forms of discrimination are standable but others are not, and have been made unlawful. Topical Area Legislation, voluntary codes of practice and equality initiatives have resulted in some build towards equality of treatment for women, but there remains inescapable evidence of continuing discrimination.More recent approaches of the business case for breaking the glass ceiling, the economics of equal opportunities, the valuing and managing of diversity in organisations, and the mainstreaming of equal opportunities are a response to the insufficient progress made so. The main problem is that women do not have a notice to rich high management and administrative positions in some organi zations that deprived them from challenges to achieving recognition, promotion and resulted in discriminating policies. The article by Thomas R. Miller and bloody shame A.Lemons Breaking the glass ceiling lessons from a management pioneer describes a personal example of Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972), and difficulties based by this woman based on gender discrimination. This article shows that there is a necessity of breaking the glass ceiling strategies because there are al counselings certain groups in any society that are discriminated against unfavourably due to the prejudices and preconceptions of the people with whom they have to deal. Lillian Gilbreth was one of the woman faced by glass ceiling at the beginning of her career.The authors explain that preconceptions were some snips verbalised, and the male managers and executives holding these preconceptions were unaware of the way that they saw and judged things and people, especially women employees. Lillian Gilbreth had to prov e that she was worthy high managerial position working hard for years and had to complete more work than male employees had to do. The authors portray that this glass ceiling policies within organizations went deep, and in relation to women concerned challenging a system of institutional discrimination and anti- egg-producing(prenominal) learn in the prevailing culture.The another article Designing Women A Qualitative Study of the Glass Ceiling for Women in Technology written by bloody shame A. Lemons , Monica J. Parzinge represent an interesting problem concerning the role of women in engineering and technology management, and dominant role of men in this sphere. The statistical results from IT industry suggest that In 1971, the pistillate portion of computer systems analysts and other specialists was only 9%. By 1990, this proportion had jumped to 35%. In 1996, the Department of Commerce noted a sort out in the proportion of females to 30% (Foster, 2000, cited Lemons, Parzinge, 2001, p.4). The authors explain that males culture is important in two ways in glass ceiling first, in respect of the social unit range of approaches to cultural diversity, organisational culture is a determinant of the way that organisations treat women. Breaking glass ceiling tended to concentrate on behaviour and, to a small extent, attitudes, whereas management recognise a need to go beneath this. Glass ceilings for women in IT results in lack of understanding between male and female employees and prejudices towards the role of women in information technology field.However, these preconceived ideas influence the actions of the people who hold them, and the way they deal with others. The effects of this can be seen in the use arena, as this is inextricably linked with discrimination in the rest of society. These offer some useful perspectives and practices, although the underlying concepts also raise some issues and concerns. In the article, The glass ceiling are women where they should be Stephanie Chaffins et al raise a question concerning biased perception towards women and stereotypes that influence decision making of executives.In essence, women are working in occupations which polish their perceived role in society, and are generally found servicing and caring for others. It is recognized that many organisations are adopting breaking glass ceiling policies and are seriously examining whether they are fulfilling the potential of all their staff. The interrupted pattern of womens employment therefore decreases the incentives for both women and employers to engage in their training. Although this whitethorn explain the position for some it does not explain the position of women who do invest their time in education and training.Neither does it explain the disparities in earnings which exist between men and women where neither have committed themselves to education and training The article Breaking the glass ceiling African-American women in managem ent positions by A. Mitra the author unveils another important issues of parallel glass ceiling policies gender and racial discrimination. This article reveals disturbing results and shows that among supervisors with a high school and college education, black women earn lower wages than black men even after controlling for detailed background, personal, and human capital characteristics.The lower earnings of black female supervisors can partly be attributed to the fact that they are segregated in predominantly female jobs (Mitra, 2003, p. 67). These facts help to understand the causes and reasons why women cannot achieve high managerial position at the same as men employees and factors that prevent them. From the managerial point of view, disadvantaged groups, who have already been identified, are women, people from other racial backgrounds, disabled people and older people, and in the ground forces there is legislation protecting the employment rights of the first three of these four groups.Causes Taking into account the information mentioned above, it is evident that glass ceiling has deep grow and requires special programs and policies in order to provide equal opportunities for women and racial minorities at work. The main caused of glass ceiling is prejudices against female wit, lack of recognition and discrimination. The fact that prejudices has been wasten seriously by organizations despite initial ridicule, especially in the popular press, suggests that feminist concerns have become more publicly acceptable.There are other signs of responsiveness to feminist criticism for example female wit. Though there is disturbing evidence that only a small minority of women encounter able to report discrimination at work based on low recognition and appraisal. It should, however, be framed so that it is easy to derive from it policies on these and other aspects of conduct at work. It should also provide a basis on which to build training on such problem the mes in a way which is convincing even to people who might otherwise consider them to be matters only for campaigning special interest groups.Cultural values and traditions supported by years of discrimination policy towards women is other cause of glass ceiling. There has been a significant shift in attitudes towards greater acceptance of equality, despite wide evidence of continuing prejudice, inertia and discrimination and there are indications of a greater willingness to respond sympathetically to women suffering sexual harassment or physical wildness from men. But the role of groups and individuals committed to achieving equal rights and fair treatment is clearly still essential.It translates into a syndrome that people who do the hiring feel most comfortable hiring people who look like them. (Redwood, 1996). The other important facts represent by Rene Redwood who suggests that the underlying cause for the existence of the glass ceiling is the perception of many white males t hat they as a group are losing losing competitive advantage, losing control, and losing opportunity as a direct consequence of inclusion of women and minorities (Redwood, 1996). The image of women as a lame member of society and housewife make ups a negative image of an employee able to manage effectively.In addition, economic position of many women has deteriorated, some being forced to accept lower wages and many losing protection of their rights at work. High unemployment, changing job patterns policies have meant that the position of working-class women has tended to worsen. This cause Rene Redwood calls societal barriers, which include a supply barrier related to educational opportunities and the level of job attainment (Redwood, 1996). Lack of training and promotion is also a cause of glass ceiling. Performance deficiencies can result from lack of women training which is closely connected with lack of skills.Many companies do not propose equal training facilities for femal e and male supposing that women are more likely to throw job for looking after the children than men, so they see investments in female employees unnecessary and ineffective. Solutions If organizations do not take actions and do not implement appropriate policies aiming to break glass ceiling they can face with strong feminists movement and equal right movement. Also, female employees can organize antidiscrimination campaigns in order to protect their rights and equal opportunities.Also, glass ceiling deprives organizations from highly skilled work force and high qualified professionals. Women can leave an organization if they do not promote for a long time and face with discrimination policies. Today, the debate concerns the action that should be taken to alleviate the disadvantages of women. oneness company supports legislative action, while the other argues that this will not be effective and that the only way to change fundamentally is to alter the attitudes and preconceptions that are held about women. However, there have been some efforts to change attitudes directly in addition to this.The major reason for breaking glass ceiling can be explained by the fact that discrimination against various groups in an organization has been made unlawful and legislation designed to avoid discrimination have been introduced, but they cannot solve all the problems arisen at the work place, and glass ceiling exploited by managers is the only possible way to manage diversity. Also, it was found that Female ways of managing life are much better suited to tomorrows business than is traditional male behavior. (Lemons, Parzinger, 2001, p. 4). The concept of the learning curve is important in breaking glass ceiling policies.It ascends quickly, presentation increasing proficiency. There are various levels in the curve, where a woman is consolidating and developing her knowledge. Where a group of persons is trained, the group may set norms which may stop individuals from mo ving ahead, and therefore it is important to ensure that the group norms are the same as the objectives of the trainer, so that individuals can progress. For managers, it is important to propose equal opportunities for males and female at the workforce avoiding violation of human rights and dignity.A policy for promotion is needed and its contents may be all promotions to be made, as far as possible, within the firm the main basis of promotion to be merit and ability. Seniority (often the number of years service) to be considered but not to form the sole reason for promotion opportunities given to all employees to reach the highest grades vacancies be advertised and be unploughed open to all employees accurate personnel records must be kept and these must include grading and merit ratings and other relevant details.These occur from one department or job to another or both and may solve a number of problems. Clear records are essential to obtain knowledge of the new jobs requirement s and the qualities needed for it. The employee, or department head, may have call for the transfer. Care and tact are needed in these situations. After identifying the development needs of the individual the choice of course must be made. Some firms have noted the waste of money on affirmative action. Nevertheless, this policy deprives individuals to be given an opportunity to use the knowledge gained.The evolution of todays organizations requires a different wildness on attributes in developing future managers. These attributes include team working, high interpersonal skills, negotiating, consensus management, and the ability to handle several issues or projects at one time (Lemons, Parzinger, 2001, p. 4). Breaking glass ceiling policy cannot be considered in isolation from the remuneration policy. Wages may account for up to 80 per cent of total costs in some industries.The objects of a policy of remuneration are to attract and retain sufficient staff of the required calibre to meet the organizations objectives to provide staff with incentives for better work to have a policy which is logical and consistent, easily understandable and flexible. After objectives, policies and priorities have been determined, the methods of remuneration to be used to achieve them should be considered, i. e. job evaluation, merit rating, incentive schemes and fringe benefits. ReflectionWomen with a high achievement motivation may perceive that successful performance is caused by their own internal forces, and their ability and effort, rather than by the nature of the task or by luck. An employee (and woman as well) may expect promotion as an ending of a high level of contribution in helping to achieve an important organisational objective. They determine the perceived equity of their own position. Feelings about the equity of the tack is affected by the treatment they receive when compared with what happens to other people.Today, breaking glass ceiling covers a range of app roaches and emphases, some closer to equal opportunities, some very different. In reality, there remains the question of the extent to which approaches have really changed in organisations. Equal opportunities in may just be a way of making it more palatable in todays climate, may be used to revitalize the equal opportunities agenda. In professional activity and personal leadership these schema will help to overcome possible difficulties and help to sustain strong position within the company.For academic purpose breaking glass ceiling can be seen as reflective as it deals with people already in the organisation, rather than getting people into the organisation -managing rather than expanding diversity. Many organizations prefer not to invest in women, because they are not sure that it will be repaid with interests. Nevertheless, knowledge of these facts will help to find appropriate solutions and consensus in training and promotion activities. For leadership policies, breaking glas s ceiling should play a major and continuing role on the organization-employee relations.The decisions and actions have an increasing impact on individuals, other organisations and the community. For HR manager breaking glass ceiling policies will help to have a clear understanding of the following concepts of individualism and membership in a group, important of a personality in the group, important to held meetings privately and in public. For a manager and a leader, breaking glass ceiling should involves setting policies, formulating plans, and hard to make the best decisions possible.All this is done in a context of how the organisation as a whole, and the HR manager in particular, see the role of glass ceiling, the environment of the business, and the situation in which it operates. The importance of breaking glass ceiling can be explained by the fact that these policies create an environment which encourages the creativity of all, and enables everyone to work without feelings of insecurity, and without insult. Equal treatment of all employees and absence of glass ceiling is vital in every organization.For future manager nn important priority is to create an environment of trust and shared commitment, and to involve staff in decisions and actions which affect them. References 1. Chaffins, S. , Cangemi, J. P. , Forbes, M. , Fuqua Jr. , H. E. (1995). The Glass Ceiling Are Women Where They Should Be, Education, Vol. 115, p. 380. 2. Jackson, J. C. (2001). Women middle managers perception of the glass ceiling. Women in Management Review. Vol. 16, Iss. 1, pp. 30 41. 3. Lemons, M. A. , Miller, T. R. (1998). Breaking the Glass Ceiling Lessons from a Management Pioneer. SAM Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 63, pp. 4-5.4. Lemons, M. A, Parzinger, M. (2001). Designing Women A Qualitative Study of the Glass Ceiling for Women in Technology, SAM Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 66, p. 4 5. Mitra, A. Breaking the glass ceiling African-American women in management po sitions, Equal Opportunities International. Vol. 22, Num. 2, Feb. 2003, pp. 67-79. 6. Morrison, A. M. , White, R. P. , Velson, E. V. Breaking the Glass Ceiling Can Women Reach the Top of Americas Largest Corporations? Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1994. 7. Redwood, Rene. The Findings and Recommendations of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Retrieved from http//www

Fast Food Industry

I Source Food and Agro Business Monitor, October 2001 Company websites News articles One testament to the windows of opport social unity and gain in the industriousness is the rise of Mango nasal, the hoidenishs card-playingest growing barbecue fast food chain, which after only eight years, is already 390 p atomic number 18ntages strong as of July 2011. Despite the presence of industry giants and having been established maiden in the Visas, Mango nasal has shown that in that location is enough room for new players given the right intersection at the right price. As in the past, Jollied sensed an opportunity and acquired a controlling sh be of Mango nasal.On the other hand, Jollied sold its Deliverance business unit and stopped operations of its carrier-inspired food chain Mango Epee stores, which will eventually be converted to its other brands. Owing to the popularity of chocol take hops and the Filipinos growing druthers for drinking coffee, Jollied as well entered the co ffee shop business through a Korean-based restaurant brand, Cafe It-ammo. It was launched in 2010 and has already three branches go Goleta and coffee in a business as a strategy to gain market share and offer a less expensive but quality coffee experience.Most of the other major players in the industry have besides expanded led by Pizza Hut, McDonalds, and Shakes. Some Jollied mandolins stores in Metro Manila are undergoing renovation to improve store appearance/image and better serve its customers. Chicken many KEF slowed down partially due to the effects of the Asian fiscal crisis to the Armco Group but it has since rec all overed. In 2008, Armco acquired Tokyo Tokyo, the countrys leading Japanese fast food chain. Armco also owns the master franchise of Mister Donuts in the country which has over a thousand shops nationwide.Products, Variety, and Value-addition The major traditional types of fast food chains are still the hamburger chains, chicken houses, pizza/pasta parlors and Chinese food chains. However, other fast food chains are catching up like the donuts chains, coffee shops, barbecue houses, bakeshops and Filipino food chains. While the food offerings in fast food stores are essentially within the type for which the chain was established, the available carrefours are already a mix of food items wherein the banner product whitethorn not be the most popular. Jollinesss Chickenoh, for instance, whitethorn be as popular if not more popular than its Hamburger.It also has Filipino dishes like beef belt (smoked beef),longhairs (local pork sausage), and crispy Bangui (militias). Chocking, a Chinese fast food, has also Filipino food like benevolentness, kangaroo (water spinach), longhairs, beef tap and halo-halo. McDonalds, a burger chain, also has longhairs in its menu. Roasted chicken chain Kenny Rogers, for its part, offers other food items for the wellness conscious like roast chicken, healthy plate, high protein meal, high fiber meal, low calorie m eal, cook chicken/sausage/fish meals, and vegetable salads.KEF, Pizza Hut,Shakes, and Wends also have vegetable salads in their menu. Wends was first to offer a salad bar and the first fast food to enter into a memorandum of agreement with the Department of Health in support of its Healthy Lifestyle Campaign. There is also continuous new product development eke Cuffs Double Down (all-meat, no-bun sandwich), Wends shrimp sandwich and abstractor, Showings Chinese-style fried chicken, and Jollinesss crunchy chicken burger, sweet and sour meatballs and chicken nugget crunchers.Part of product development is seasonal offerings especially during Lent, when people try to fast and abstain from meat. Some products that come out at this time are tuna pie and fish twister. Other than the product mix and variety, fast food chains also offer affordable alternatives for the budget-conscious. The price of the budget items can range from a low of POP. O for a Burger McCoy or apple pie, POP. O for Jollinesss beef with mushrooms and rice to a high of POP. O for Cuffs Wow Slit Meal of I-piece chicken, rice, and regular drink (Table 3). Table 3.Value for money Food Items, July 2011 Company I Budget Food Items I Price (PH) I Jollied I Rice Meal errs, Value Meals 39. 00 55. 001 Chocking I Value Kings, jazz convention Kings 1 29. 00-87. 001 Mango nasal I Slit Meals, Built Meals 49. 00 McDonalds I Value Meals, Massacre Meals, Everyday Massacres 25. 00 55. 00 KEF I wow Burger, wow slit Meals 1 30. 00-89. 001 Wends I super value Menu 37. 0 62. 001 Source Company websites internet search Over the years, fast food chains have also added a new value to their relationship with loyal customers with the use of patronage cards.Some of these cards take Shakes Pizzicato Supercargo, Pizza Huts Palm card, Angel Pizzas Privilege card, mandolins Midnight card. For the pizza chains, the card allows the customer to buy one box of pizza and take one box for free. On the other hand, the M idnight card allows customers to get free items on orders from 1201 am to 359 am. The promotions are valid only within a prescribed period. A Still Growing pains A number of instruments and strategies, both external and internal to the fast food industry, are contributing to its continuing growth.Boos The growth of the business process outsourcing (BOO) industry has enhanced the feeding out habits in the country as Episcopalian have a 2417 work schedule. Major fast food chains have adapted to this ever-changing lifestyle with a 2417 restaurant business hours in strategic locations close to the Boos. McDonalds and Wends were one of the pioneers in the 2417 delivery service. Given the company websites, there is also the preparedness of ordering on line and allowing fast foods in Backbone and Twitter.Locations expansion of malls and supermarkets around the country is another plus factor for the fast food industry. The on-going and aforethought(ip) Allay, Purebred, Robinsons, Shopp ers and SMS establishments will be providing the space and foot traffic for the fast food chains expansion. Pricing Value pricing or value meals will continue to be a strategy for fast food chains, as surveys still indicate low prices as a reason for choosing a fast food restaurant. some other price proposition is the unlimited rice promotion of some stores like Mango nasal, Tokyo Tokyo, and recently, Tropical Hut.Movie tie-ins Another strategy to stimulate frequent store visits is the fast food tie-in promotion of hit movies with the offering of limited edition gadgets, collectibles, and food items like Captain America in Jollied and Dunking Donuts and Transformers in KEF. McDonalds is also offering Coca Cola can glass collectibles. Branding Fast foods also use a sort of multiple-branding to draw more customers by offering a large number of items whereby several fast food chains are located side by side. This is the case of Jollied beside Chocking, Greenwich, and Red Ribbon.Chains like the Armco group have also started co-branding where a Mister Donuts kiosk is in a KEF store. Bank tie-ups As a meaner to increase patronage of credit cards, companies like the Bank of the Philippine Islands, Banc De ROR, and Metronome have tied-up with some fast food stores where customers can redeem promotional freebies based on amount charged to their credit card. The fast food stores include Jollied, Chocking, Mango nasal, Backlog nasal, Goldbricks, Greenwich, and Pizza Hut. This win-win scheme is expected to enhance repeat usage for credit card companies as well as increased sit food store visits.Value propositions some fast food stores provide newspapers and free Wi-If internet connection. Many chains are also remodeling their facilities expanding their selection of desserts, beverages, snacks and breakfast items adding grilled items reducing fat and sodium and catering to customers with diabetes or gluten intolerance. Some chains, particularly in developed countries, ar e also catering to a broader range of customers with hall-only or kosher food in their menu. Major companies have also set up foundations which implement their corporate social responsibility initiatives.Prospects There is a bevy of optimism and positive outlook as expressed by major players. Jollied Foods Corporation has revised its target upwards in 2011, and plans to open 160 stores in the country across all its brands. The company is looking at a 12-15 percent growth for the year with expected brisk sales and lower raw materials cost, and provided there will be no major spikes in inflation and petroleum prices. Mango nasal for its part is targeting to hit 500 stores by 2012. McDonalds is planning to make water 20-30 stores every year in the next five years.For instance, artificial strawberry flavor food The regular consumption of Junk food is the leading factor in obesity and excess weight. Obesity is second only to smoking as a cause of death in America. 46 percent of Canadia n adults are either overweight or obese, with obesity in children increasing threefold over the past two decades. Consumption of soft drinks containing sugar has been linked to weight gain and an increased risk for development of Type 2 diabetes. Studies have revealed that obese people have wick the rate of chronic health problems as people of normal weight.This includes 100-percent greater chance of developing Type 2 diabetes, 50-percent increased likelihood of developing heart disease. Obese men are nearly 90 percent more likely to get colon cancer. Junk food diet is a major cause of heart diseases. racy cholesterol resulting from Junk food puts undue strain on the liver, causing long-term damage to this essential organ. Research has suggested that diets high in fat may also impair essential brain functions, like concentration and memory. The nun food facts about soft drinks alone are alarming.Fast Food IndustrySharp makes use of illustration in Berger Queen in several body parag raphs. Her overall thesis is that McDonalds really isnt that bad of a job and shes actually enjoyed it, so when she went from a pre-med major to an English major, her life did not get any worse. In paragraph two, she again uses narration, as in paragraph three. In paragraph four is where Sharp begins to utilize Illustration to back up her points. The topic sentence, respect for the workers of the fast food industry is lost among most adults is supported by several examples, one being, grown men driving Lincoln Town cars have bickered with me for five minutes over a measly ten cent increase in the price of an egg mcmuffin.Paragraph five goes into further illustration of the point made in paragraph four. Paragraph six also uses illustration. The topic sentence, A small portion of our patrons are so confused that there is really nothing to do but wait for them to leave is supported by, my most prominent exampleis the infamous snack attack lady, who ordered hotcakes and sausage during o ur 90-second- guaranteed-service hour and then ate her breakfast right outside the drive-thru window. Paragraph seven also incorporates illustration. The topic sentence, there are some great customers out there is supported by the explanation of those great customers and what they do, If I missed a day of work, I would return to inquiries about my health and concern that all was well.The first paragraph is a narrative and uses dialog to express her point and to draw the reader into the story

College Players Should Get Paid Essay

In the world, college athletics grows and continues to bring large financial benefits to colleges, universities and even sponsors. This leads to many debates concerning the payment of the athletes. Some people think that scholarship paid to colleges for these schoolchild athletes is abundant while others claim that the payments might make them to leave the college early for participating in the athletics. Division 1 college athletes should be paid.College athletes put their bodies on the origin just like the pros do. Wide receiver Martin Brown tears his ACL and his flight in football game is over. Defensive tackle Eric Legrand gets paralyzed from the neck down and his career in football is over. Wide receiver Dante Love gets a spinal injury and ends his career in football.Players do a lot for their communities. Like the Santa Ana college football team devoted a whole weekend volunteering in two charity events. Last year Ohio State did community service for a summarize of about 6,496 hours. Ole Miss has a program call The Ole Miss Rebel Reading Program where they read to local elementary schools.The college athletes bring in a lot of money to their institutions. The players should receive many of this money beca put on without them the schools cannot be able to receive all the popularity and the money. College athletes make enough money for colleges that it would not hurt to knuckle under some back. They should take better care of their student-athletes by paying them for their services.Many College athletes live in poverty because the money they get is not sufficient enough to pay for all of the expenses and basic necessities. The athletes that graduate from colleges stay because their parents support them by giving or sending money to them. If college athletes are paid, there would be more(prenominal) athletes graduating from colleges. Paying athletes would be good for everyone and players would be forced to go for college education instead of only co ncentrating on the sports. The colleges athletes are not allowed to work hence do not get money to purchase the necessities. This leads to players accepting any illegal money, cars, clothes, etc.Most college athletes dont turn professional, so the athletes wont have any working experience when they get into the real world. This would give the non-athletes and advantage in the working world over the athletes. Most of the athletes that have the hazard to leave school and turn professional do so, because college athletes live in near poverty. To avoid all the illegal gains, the athletes should be paid. Marylands Gary Williams says . some of these guys are pretty poor coming here, and a lot of college students have some money you feel out of place, you dont feel hawkish academically sometimes, and I think it could do a lot of goodIf colleges dont pay the athletes the professional leagues should. Professional leagues such as the NBA, NHL, NFL, and MLB use colleges as minor leagues. Mo st of the players in these leagues come from universities across the U.S.A. Since the leagues get the athletes from the universities, they should pay them the same way they league players. College athletes should receive money for all of their needs, or if they cant do this the athletes should be given the opportunity to work, which will assist them, learn about working in real world.

The Pros and Cons of Using E-Tendering in Singapore

THE PROS AND CONS OF USING E-TENDERING IN SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION fabrication First names YAP Last name YEE THARM Abstract E-tendering is a relatively new and new(a) technique of tending constitution. The transaction bay window be done from avocation-to-business, business-to-consumer or Business-to- heavy(p) medication buy and sale of goods, deeds and profits through the Internet or other net on the job(p) organisations. This paper examines the pros and cons of ontogeny E-tendering in the capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore reflection Industry and the future trend of E-tendering in Singapore.Although E- tendering has been utilize by the assorted Singapore brass departments for virtually(prenominal) years on their procurement of materials and services for local and global with great success, however the mystic firmament in Singapore is still slow in using it as a tendering trunk. As e-tendering is recognize as a state-of-the-art for procurement w hich is proven to be efficient by the local Government and other advanced countries (eg. US, UK, China, Hong Kong, ordureada etc. ), however the low practice session by the private section in Singapore shows that there must be some limitation or disadvantages in using it.May be there atomic number 18 some problems on softw are and the r breakiner not competent to enjoyment it for this pur present. Or maybe in Singapore there is a need for the regimen or a private company to lead and provide a matter wide scale of centralizes e-tendering brass to cater for on the whole in both the private tenders in Singapore bend Industry. Whatever it is, the advantages of E-tendering are far exceeding the disadvantages and it has shown greater dominance in the improvement of efficiency to replace the traditionalistic tendering organisation. in that locationfore a study to look into the pros and cons of this tendering system is price the effect. As eventu exclusivelyy E-tendering has great possible in increasing efficiency in gimmick firmament in Singapore-tendering by burn offting down the-tendering greet and time and reduce the bureaucratic operatees in the traditional tendering address. Key crys E-tender, Singapores GeBIZ, E Submission, Information Systems, Pros and cons, stain figurer, construction. 1. 0 Introduction The engagement of computer technologies in the world today has revolutionized the processes in the construction industry.The construction industry in Singapore has to a fault face up the same radical and speedy changes in the use of Information applied science (IT) in almost to each one part of the process of the construction (from pre-tender estimating, tendering, and construction to post tender analysis). Procurement and tendering are an important proceed for e actu bothy organisation including construction industry. It is a vital and important activity for a company to build profit and continue to survive. Especially in bend Industry, either job is on contract basis, construction company need to secure jobs through tender in rig to continue its business.The traditional tendering practices used by Construction Company are size openly traditional and involve managing papers or using email to get down and receive documents, addenda, correspondence, bid submissions and award notices. With the introduction of submission of tender electronically, time and exploit has been shorten tremendously. some other part of the world however electronic tendering has been getting popular over the prehistoric few years and is now being comm alone used in the United Kingdom, Australia, New south Wales, India, Hong Kong, United States and in China. (The PRC China has been using e-tender for more than 10 years.This year China is celebrating the tenth anniversary of E- procurement rule, their website is www. ccgp. gov. cn). Singapore is a developed country with rattling good coverage of radio receiver network and fibr e optic cable. The use of computer is very much the common practice of organization department and private company. stock-still the use of e-tendering so far in Singapore has been limited to brass department procurement. For private construction industry the usage of e-tendering is still limited. This paper explore into the pros and cons of using e-tendering in Singapore construction industry and its future development. . 0E-Tendering in the Singapore Construction Industry E- Tendering in Singapore nonpublic construction The government department of Singapore has been using E-tendering for more than 10 years, the Singapore preservation Development has also been giving incentive to encourage developers and contractors who are keen in using IT for their business. However up to today the private construction sector in Singapore is still limited in usage of E-tendering. Many Developers and Contractors in Singapore are still finding it more comfortable to use traditional tendering system. E- Tendering in Singapore GovernmentThe e-tendering used by the government of Singapore is called GeBiz, which come from the word Government Bidding. The GeBIZ, or the Government E tendering, was set up in June 2000. The main objective of this system is to simplify government procurement and tender activities. It was part of the programme for businesses under the e-Government Action Plan (20002003) in Singapore. GeBIZ is a one-stop centre for suppliers to draw access to all procurement opportunities in the existence sector and to look at electronically with the government departments. The Singapore government E-tender website address is at http//www. ebiz. gov. sg/. Now 100% of the Singapore government Tenders or Quotations are using GeBIZ as a platform for procurement for good and services. As of today, Infocomm engineering (ICT) has beget a study part of the Singapore reality sectors DNA for public administration and service delivery. delinquent to the result of Si ngapore e-government efforts, Singapore has been consistently recognised as a leader in major international benchmarking studies. Our Singapore Governments innovative efforts in using ICT stool also gained local and worldwide recognition and awards.More importantly, the citizens and businesses draw embraced in e-government service. In 2010, almost 9 out of 10 of Singapore citizens and businesses expressed satisfaction with the overall quality of government e-services. (http//www. egov. gov. sg/about-egov-introduction) The process of using Singapores GeBIZ Company who wishes to tender for government job need first to apply as a atom of Singapores GeBIZ. Upon approved as a member, a password for log in to GeBIZ is given(p) to the company. There are two categories of E-tendering in the GeBIZ. Tender Goods or services estimated to be valued above $7,000 Singapore dollar. Quotation Goods or service estimated be valued below $7,000 Singapore dollar. Once a member log on the GeBIZ , the peeping for item notice merchant ship be done by indicating the search condition as shown below by clicking on the GO pushing. pic Figure 1 searching for a tender (source from http//www. gebiz. gov. sg/. ) For viewing of the details of the-tender and quotation notice, simply click on the GO button of the screen below. pic Figure 2 viewing of posted tender or quotation. source from http//www. gebiz. gov. sg/. ) The constractor fundament download or view directly the drawings and specifications posted in the GeBIZ to estimate the-tender price. Tender price can therefore be submitted to the website electronically. Once the-tender is closed, the-tender forget be evaluated by the germane(predicate) governmant authority (who post the tender) and the result of the-tender will be announced on the GeBIZ for public information. Hardware and Software requirement for GeBIZ tendering in Singapore. The following are the required computer hardware and software for a contractor to u se the Singapore GeBIZ.In purchase order to use the Singapore Government e-tendering GeBiz, A contractor needs to have a computer meet the following recommended system requirement. The computers which do not meet these requirements might not be compatible and unable to use the system for tender. Hardware Computer must have a stripped-down 500MHz processor or higher with a hard disc at least 64 MB RAM, the internet connection to be minimum 256kbps or higher. Software Computer with a Windows Operating System consist of Windows 2000, Windows XP or Window 7. As for Internet Browser, having a Internet Explorer 6. , 7. x, 8. x and 9. 0 will be enough. 2. 1How E-Tendering works E-tendering is an electronic tendering solution to facilitate the complete-tendering process from the advertising of the requirement through to the signing of the contract. This includes the exchange of all relevant documents (drawing, specifications etc) in electronic soft copy format. In other words E-tenderin g is a process of carrying out entire-tendering Cycle Online including submission of Price Bid in much(prenominal) that Efficiency, Economy, Speed of Internet can be achieved without the use of paper form of hardcopy.It also eliminates the need to transfer of documents surrounded by the Client and bidders. E-tendering Cycle can be broken in key modules as the figure below Figure 3 The E- tendering rack 2. 2traditional Tendering System vs. E tendering The advantages of traditional tendering compare to E-tendering System can be summarised as below traditional Tendering System Longer Procurement Cycle More time needed to print tender documents for all the contractors requesting for tendering. A normal construction tender using traditional tendering system can take up to 2 to 4 months for a cycle. More ExpensiveThe printing of tender documents such as drawings and specifications are dear(p) and a lot of money is spent for plants and labour for transportation of the documents. Pa per establishd Procurement Traditional tendering basically is paper based procurement, documents such as drawings, specifications and forms are printed on paper, which is not environmentally friendly. circumscribe Mobility Paper based tender document is not prompt and inconvenient to bring it along for knowledge and estimation. These documents also require large depot space and it is labour intensive to handle. Cant do work on HolidaysThe-tender documents are usually placed at the home and the working hour for office is usually 9am to 5pm. No work can be done after these hours and during weekend and public holidays. flat to Human errors Paper documents are prone to human errors, as missing of pages or printing errors. defacement print overdue to low ink or no ink for some pages can happen. capacity not sharable Tendering documents such as specifications are usually A4 size and can only viewed by a person alone, un exchangeable e-tender document which can be projected to a big screen and share by as many people as possible for group discussion and meeting. Physical SecurityTender documents stored in the office especially those documents which have sensitive cost information, e. g. Filled up Bill of Quantity. These documents can pose a business security threats as they are valuable to the competitive contractors. Wastage of space to store bids impertinent e-tender the documents, the document for traditional tenering need physical space for remembering. E Tendering System Shorter Procurement Cycle E Tendering system is computer based the cycle is much shorter as compare to traditional tendering system. One major saving of time comes from the cutting down of transporting of documents. Economical Due to the fact that hard copies of the documents are expensive, it is very much economical to store and use the soft copies in the computer and website. The cost of using the computer and software are quite fixed. Environmentally Friendly As compare to traditional tendering system, E-tender consumes almost no paper. Hence it is very environmentally friendly. Anytime Anywhere Bidding E-tendering can be conducted any time anyplace i. e. 24 hours a day, 360 days a year and globally anywhere as long as there is Internet connection. Bidding is possible on HolidaysBidding is possible even during weekend or world Holiday, as long as earlier the tender is closed. Automated & Accurate process As e-tender is mechanically carried out by the computer, accordingly it minimized the human. The process will be accurate and almost without delay done. Shareable Content The content for E-tender documents is easily shareable among the company staff, as long as they have a computer or laptop and a given a password. The content also easily shared in a group meeting with a projector, which is a conducive environment for group discussion. Fool-proof SecuritySecurity for the documents is fool-proofed as only sure people with the password can access to the virtue documents. Lifelong storage on CD Document stored in the CD or hardisk for e-tender can give out for eternity (provided that the CD and hardisk will last as long) as compare to paper documents. It is also easy retrievable. One click access to bids When all the calculation for the-tender sum is done, it is only one click away from bid. 2. 3Pros and cons to call for e-tenders. Pros to the Suppliers/Contractors Anytime & Anywhere Bidding Due to the development of wireless communication, E-tendering is globalized.Everywhere in the world as long as you are connected in the website, bidding is possible. Fair, Free and Fearless participation for vendors. As all vendors registered are treated as equal, the ambition is fair, free and no barrier. No dependence on Newspaper, Courier. All posting is website base, hence the publicity does not require Newspaper or Courier service. No Administrative hassle The administrative is very much simple and simplified as all documents can be view through the computer screen. Can carry out all tendering process from any computer E-tendering is web based.Hence any computer, laptop or even I phone can do the job. Economical Saving on traveling cost is tremendous. As the link betwixt the Client and contractor is through internet, it minimizes the physical travelling. Reduces efforts & cost of bidding The efforts for each individual staff and the man exponent required for preparation of tender is reduced, hence the over cost of bidding is less. No tenders can be missed because of distance The bosses of the client or contractor may be travelling overseas, but they can access to the E-tender website anytime anywhere in the world. Miss viewing of the tender has vex the past. Can submit bid at last minute The closing of E-tender is link to the time. As no travelling is needed to the clients office to submit a tender, contractor can continuously clip the submit on the last minute/second. Pros to the-tender ing Authorities/Clients Completely Automated Process The E-tender process in clients computers are all automated, the list of bidding contractors is sorted out in the ascending order from lowest price to the highest. Shortens Procurement Cycle Most of the clients hope that the procurement cycle be short, the E-tendering is crush able to achieve this requirement. Economical and Environment Friendly As E-tender system required minimum paper, all information is stored in the computer for processing and retrieving. A computer can be used for 3 to 5 years, as for traditional tendering documents it is disposed once it is used. Greater Transparency The E-tendering website is open to all the authorized and registered members hence all of them are able to see the data posted in the website with great transparency. amelioration in work culture in the departments It create a more friendly and conducive working culture in the departments, as less miscommunication between staff occur. Syst em aided Evaluation process After the closed of tender, the E-tender system will automatically aid in evaluating the most suitable tender. It cut down the time for evaluation. Minimize Human errors Most of the process is carry out in the computer, hence minimize human errors. Minimal Storage Space A computer is all you need for storage of all the tendering document. Printing out of hard copy is only needs required. Change in sensing The perception of a company will be changed as E-tendering is implemented for a Client. It will become a more progressive and proactive organization. Lesser hassle of communication and administration Communication between client and contractor, among staff will be much easier through computer and administration will have lesser hassle. The cons or disadvantages of using e tender Cost The initial cost to set up the computer system can be quite costly. As E-tender required the purchase of expensive hardware and the necessary software. Staff The compa ny need to employ staff competence in the use of e-tendering system or train up their brisk staff to use the e-tendering system.Security of the e-tendering system An effective and secure e-tendering system needs to constitute sure that any communication that passes through the system is secure and safe. As all the data are passing through the open networks such as the internet. Care must be taken to get word that all the information passed between tenderers and the Client be treated as confidential. The major risks are that confidential information transmitted over opened networks may be exposed to or altered by malicious parties. There is also the risk of malicious parties generating false messages, impersonating other parties or denying that messages have been emailed. . How to overcome these limitations Cost Construction Company can get a loan from banking company to purchase the e-tendering system, through the saving of the e-tendering process soon the cost would be recove red. Staff Company can directly employ e-tender system competence staff to from the employment market alternatively can send their staff to be trained to use the system. Security One of the major problems of e-tendering is to prevent the unauthorised usage of the e-tender account. The following are a few new computer technologies in the market which are dependent of overcoming these problems. BiometricsBiometric verification of two authorized users can be used in for tender opening process. This method is using finger print of any two authorized individual the web page will not be able to open if two fingers print doesnt match. This appliance also helps to depict that user remains physically present when Tender opens. pic Figure 4. Biometrics appliance Role Base Access This will only allow access to website on the basis of rights allocated to an authorised User or Group of Users. This ensure that Tampering by unauthorized person become not possible. The existing face hierar chy also can be mapped into the system. pic Figure 5. Role Base Access appliance condemnation Based Access The system ensures that no activity can be carried out before due date & Time for e. g. Tender cannot be opened even by authorized User before due date. Server Time cannot be tampered as it is mapped to National Standard Time Server. pic Figure 6 Time Based Access Security System With all these security tools in place to ensure security of the website, the usage of e-tendering is getting more and more secure nowadays. 5. Scope of future of e-tendering Cloud computing The future e-tender is by using Cloud computing. Just what is grease ones palmsing computer?It is not sitting among the blot out to do the job, it is instead of using our own boniface to store data, dapple computing is using cloud deal outr for storage of data and retrieving from them. The focus is on the website and not the computer hardware. When the data is needed for large processing, it can be scale up as much as one can at one time and once work done it is released back to the cloud. The working principle is like using the computer power from the cloud instead of using the companys own computer hardware. It is just like payment for paying for electricity and gas instead of having our own generator and having a large gas storage tank.Cloud computer is also like hiring a car to travel instead of buying a car. The advantages of using cloud can be listed as below Scalability Glow and shrink as and when you wanted. Instant It can be turn on and off anytime any place you like. Economical Pay for the time you use and there is no need for the hardware and it is time saving. In other words it is pay as you use picFigure 7. Cloud computing system (Source from Google cloud computing image) 2. 6 Types of Cloud computing There are collar types of cloud computing in the market namelyInfrastructure as a service (IaaS), program as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS) , it has his advantages and disadvantages. SAAS-Software as a innkeeper Each offers a different level of user flexibility and control. Saas allows users to run existing online applications. It is the easiest way of using, where off-the-peg applications are accessed over the Internet. The advantages are Free or paid via subscription, it is accessible from any computer and able to facilitates collaborative working. However its business generic applications may not always suitable for their own business use. PAAS- Platform as a server Allows users to create their own cloud applications using supplier specific tools and languages. It provides environment and tools for creating new online applications. Eg. Google has Google App Engine which enables a user to build and host web application on the same system, which no need to worry about hardware. Micro soft has a Window color in Platform. Salesfore has a website called Force. com which can build up and host for free. The system can be rapidly development at low cost and used Private or public deployment.However it limits developers to provider languages and tools and it also have the risk of vendor lock-in. IAAS- Infrastructure as a server Allows users to run any applications they are disport on cloud hardware of their own choice. Figure 8 The interrelationship between the Cloud Clients and the three types of cloud computing Cloud computer deployment models pic There are four forms of Cloud computing applications globe cloud Public cloud applications, storage, and other resources are made available to the general public by a service provider. These services are usually free or offered on a pay-per-use model.Generally, public cloud service providers like Microsoft and Google own and operate the infrastructure and offer access only via Internet. Other means of direct connection is not possible. Community cloud Community cloud shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community wit h common concerns for example security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc. , whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud, but it is more than a private cloud, so only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.Hybrid cloud Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds it can be private, community or public. It can remain unique entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. By utilizing hybrid cloud architecture, companies and individuals are able to obtain some degrees of fault tolerance combined with locally immediate usability without dependency on internet connectivity. Hybrid Cloud architecture requires both on-premises resources and remote server based cloud infrastructure.The disadvantage of Hybrid clouds is that it lacks the flexibility, security and demonstration of in-house applications. Hybrid cloud provides th e flexibility of in house applications with the fault tolerance and scalability of cloud based services. Private cloud Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. Undertaking a private cloud project requires a significant level and degree of engagement to virtualize the business environment, and it will require the organization to re-evaluate decisions about existing resources.When it is done right, it can have a positive impact on a business, but every one of the steps in the project raises security issues that must be addressed in order to avoid serious vulnerabilities. The major disadvantage is because users still have to buy, build, and manage them and hence do not benefit from less hands-on management essentially the economic model that makes cloud computing such an interesting concept. 3. 0 Conclusions In conclusion, this paper finds that e-tendering has man y pros and cons in the system. However we can see that the pros have exceeded the cons, i. e. he advantages are far more than disadvantages. With the breakthrough in computer technology and the advancement of science, the various problems face by the user in e-tendering now will be easily overcome very soon. As the construction industry in Singapore is one of the major industries that contributed to the nation building and giving the most impact to the economy, the benefits that brought by the e-tendering will definitely benefit the Construction Industry and Singapore national economy as a whole. However new problems may also appear and these need to be overcome continuously to bring about advancement of the system.Eventually all the other industry will be able to benefit from the achievement. 4. 0 Recommendation In view of the current situation in Singapore construction Industry, only the government is using e-tendering in a wide spread scale. I would like to recommend the governme nt to initiate and set up an e-tendering system similar to the current GeBIZ system to serve the Singapore private Construction sector. The Singapore government has more than 10 years experience in the e-tendering system, they should have no problem in setting up an equal if not better e-tendering server than the Government e-tendering GeBIZ.Since setting up an e-tendering need a large initial capital investment, as a financially strong Singapore Government this should not pose any problem, moreover it will finally benefit the economy of Singapore. In order to fully harness the benefits of e-tendering system, the main contractors must adjust and make changes to their company itself to equip with the necessary skills and resources for the e-tendering system. Contractors are recommended to train their staff to be competent in the use of e-tendering system. Companies may also engage professional consultants or experts to set up e-tendering in their company.As e-tendering has proven to be an advantage for the Main contractor to be the better competitor and increase their productivity and profits, I strongly believe that in the years to come, e-tendering will be used both by the private and government construction tendering in Singapore. 5. 0 References Bett. D. Black. P. Christensen. S. Dawson, E, Du, R. , Duncan. W. , et al. (2006). Towards secure and legal e-tendering. Journal of Information and Technology in Construction, XI. 89-102 enclosure J. (2002). Better Public Services Through e-Government. London, National Audit Office (NAO). http//www. nao. org. uk/news/0102/0102704. aspx Baldwin, A. N.Thorpe, A and Carter, C (1999). The use of electronic information exchange on Construction alliance projects. Automation in Construction. 8(6). 651-662 CRC Construction Innovation, 2006. e Tendering Security and Legal Issues Tindsley G. & Stephenson P,. 2008 E-Tendering Process with Construction UK Perspective Tsinghua Science & Technology, Bol. 13, 273-278 B. Kumar a nd J. C. P. Cheng (2010), Cloud Computing and its Implications for Construction IT, Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, Proceedings of International Conference. W. TIZANI (Editor). 30June 2 July, Nottingham, UK, Nottingham University Press, Paper 158. P. 31Akintola,A. A. (2011). A check over of the State of the Art of E-tendering in Nigeria. Journal of Information Technology inConstruction, 16. 557-576. Al-Maadeed, S. (2011). Multi-evaluatins of Tenders in E-tendering System. Internatinal Conference on Technology and Business Management. 3. 201-207. Singapore governments one-stop e-procurement portal http//www. gebiz. gov. sg/. Central Government Autumn 2001 Paper free-tendering a 21st light speed alternative Public Service. Website http//ww. publicservice. co. uk/article. asp? publication=Central%20Government (Accessed 25/06/2012) Building and Construction Authority Singapore http//www. bca. ov. sg/ 12. Tender Audit & Storage 11. Vender Registration & Rating 1. Tend er Notice 10. Tender mete out 2. Tender Promotion E-Tendering Cycle 9. Negotiation 3. Tender Document 8. Tender Evaluation 4. Pre Bid coming upon 5. Bid Submission 7. Tender storage & Opening 6. Payment Gateway Cloud Clients Web browser, mobile app, thin client, terminal emulator, SaaS CRM, Email, virtual desktop, communication, games, PaaS Execution runtime, database, web server, development tools, IaaS Virtual machines, servers, storage, load balancers, network, Figure 9. The cloud computer models (Source from Google cloud computing image)